Financial Terms C
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C2C – is short for customer-to-customer or consumer-to-consumer. It alludes to consumer exchanges of products and services. A person selling something to another person in the public, in other words. It stands in contrast to B2C, or business-to-consumer.
C-Level Executives – or C-Suite Executives are top corporate officers in a company. The ‘C’ stands for ‘Chief’, as in CEO (Chief Executive Officer) or CIO (Chief Information Officer).
Call to Action – a term used in sales, marketing, and advertising to describe a word, phrase, or visual that aims to persuade customers to act. The objective can be to persuade them to make a purchase, inquire for additional details, subscribe, ask for a free sample or trial, etc.
Canvassing – either making phone calls or door-to-door visits to people. Cold calling, or canvassing, occurs when a call or visit is unexpected by the person who is answering the phone or the door. In order to sell goods, sign up new members, or spread awareness, people canvass during political campaigns. When they are gathering information, market researchers occasionally canvass.
Capital – the resources required for production (apart from labour and land). Examples include tools, structures, and automobiles. Along with assets used for investments, it also includes funds needed to launch or grow a firm.
Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) How CAR is calculated – expresses how capable a bank can absorb losses. It is determined by calculating the ratio of capital to risk.
Capital Appreciation – an increase in the market value of an asset. This occurs when the market price for an asset is higher than what the investor originally paid for.
Capital Assets – things that a business needs to produce its goods or deliver services, like machinery, computer equipment, vehicles, etc. Capital gains tax must be paid if a capital asset is sold.
Capital Controls – measures implemented by a central bank or a government to limit the quantity of money entering or leaving a nation. Tariffs, volume limitations, laws, and minimum-stay regulations are a few examples.
Capital Flight – when a nation’s people and foreign investors lose faith in the economy, large amounts of money begin to flow out of that nation. A major debt crisis, a sharp increase in taxes, political unrest, or a natural disaster are a few causes.
Capital Flows – the transferring of capital between countries. It excludes cash used by companies and people to pay for imported items. The word encompasses, for instance, the international flow of cash into and out of the bond and stock markets.
Capital Formation – the rise of capital goods as a result of savings, which fuels the economy. Buildings, machinery, tools, and vehicles are examples of capital goods that are utilised in the manufacture of goods and the provision of services. sometimes referred to as capital building.
Capital Gain – when you sell a capital asset for more than you bought it for, you have made a capital gain. If you sell it for less, it is a capital loss. In most countries, people have to pay capital gains tax.
Capital Goods – products and things that are used to produce goods and services. Examples include buildings, computers, machinery, equipment, vehicles, etc.
Capital Growth – the increase in value of an investment or asset over time. It is measured by comparing an asset’s original value with what it is worth today. Also known as capital appreciation.
Capitalism – an economic system in which industry, trade and production are mainly owned privately and operated to generate profit.
Capitalization – This word can mean a number of things. 1. Providing a business with capital. 2. The transformation of resources or earnings into capital. 3. A numerical evaluation of a company’s capital structure. 4. Using capital letters when writing or printing words, or beginning each word with a capital letter.
Capital Markets – markets where long-term debt or equity-backed securities are traded. Funds from savers are directed to companies, organizations and government that require medium- and long-term finance.
Capital Project – a significant undertaking that takes a long time, involves a lot of money, and is typically very complicated. To create or improve a capital asset, businesses invest in capital projects. Infrastructure projects typically qualify as capital projects when they are publicly funded.
Captain of Industry – a successful businessperson who, in addition to building a substantial wealth, has benefited his or her nation and its citizens by establishing institutions of higher learning, museums, and cultural centres, or by raising output and productivity. On the other side, a robber baron also became wealthy, but typically at the price of his or her people and country.
Captive Market – a group of potential customers who are forced to buy a specific product because they have few options. The merchant enjoys a monopoly. A captive market is made up of people who purchase food and drink in theatres, airports, and sporting venues.
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) – CSS refers to the capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) and its transportation to a safe location for storage.
Carbon Dioxide – or CO2 is a gas that has no colour or smell. Life on Earth depends on carbon dioxide. Another greenhouse gas is CO2. Or, to put it another way, it keeps the planet’s surface warm. Global efforts are being made to lower CO2 emissions.
Carbon Market – a tool for environmental policy that makes nations and companies pay for carbon emissions. The amount of CO2 that any corporation is allowed to emit is capped by governments. Those who go over their allotment can buy extra allowances from low polluters. sometimes referred to as emissions trading, carbon trading, or carbon.
Carbon Tax – A carbon tax is an environmental tax on the emissions of carbon dioxide – a heat-trapping “greenhouse” gas. It is a form of carbon pricing.
Career – a job or occupation that you undertake for a major period in your life. Vocations such as the police or medicine are careers. Not all jobs are careers.
Cargo – transport of commodities or (agricultural) produce by ship, train, automobiles, or aircraft. Cargo and freight are synonymous terms. When being transported, livestock (such as cattle, hens, and other poultry) may also be categorised as cargo.
Car Insurance – a legal agreement that covers you as the car owner and the insurance provider in the event of an accident. The insurance plan, for instance, pays for personal injury-related medical expenditures and car repair or replacement costs.
Cash – the most liquid asset there is. In layman’s terms it means just coins, notes and traveler’s checks. Technically, short-term deposits, checks and other negotiable instruments are also considered as cash.
Cash Accounting – a way of keeping books that records payments and receipts on the day they happen rather than when the orders are placed. used more frequently by smaller businesses. as opposed to accrual accounting.
Cash Against Documents – an arrangement in which the buyer, typically an importer, may only collect goods delivered by the seller (exporter) after paying the related bill of exchange in full.
Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) – measures how long it takes invested money to start appearing in a firm’s cash flow. CCC measures liquidity risk when a company grows. Also known as net operating cycle or cash cycle.
Cash Cow – refers to a brand (product), company division or business that makes good profits in a mature market and does not require heavy reinvestment. The cash cow generally has a leading market share.
Cash Crop – a crop a farmer sells to get money, as opposed to a subsistence crop, which feeds the farmer and his family.
Cash Equivalents – assets than can be rapidly turned into cash; they are highly liquid, are very short term, and have a high credit quality. They are normally grouped with cash (cash and cash equivalents) in a company’s financial statement.
Cash Flow – an expense or revenue stream that increases or decreases a cash account over a specified period. It is the flow of money in and out of an organization, business, or an account.
Cashier – an employee of a store, theatre, hotel, hair salon, or other type of business who manages the cash register. In the UK, it also refers to a bank employee who works with clients directly (US: bank teller). A cashier is the person in charge of making and receiving payments in accounting.
Cashier’s Check – a check that is drawn directly from a customer’s account and is guaranteed by a bank. The receiver is given a guarantee by the bank that the specified sum will be paid. Also called a teller’s check, banker’s draught, or treasurer’s cheque.
Cash Management – managing the amount of money a company receives and pays out and when these receipts and payments occur. It is also a service banks offer to customers, usually their larger corporate ones.
Cash Market – a public market where financial products or commodities are purchased and delivered immediately (up to two working days from trade date). Also known as the spot market or physical market. It contrasts with the futures market.
Cash Ratio – calculated by adding up all cash and cash equivalents, and dividing the total by all current liabilities. It is one of several ways of measuring a company’s liquidity. Also called cash asset ratio or cash coverage ratio.
Cash Register – a machine used in stores, restaurants and other businesses to store money and record the amount received from each sale. It also prints out a receipt. In the UK it is also called a till.
Catfishing – pretending to be someone you are not by setting up a fake social media account. The catfish develops romantic relationships with victims – which can last many years. Their aim is to extract money from them by deception – to con them.
CBD (Cannabidiol) – one of the active ingredients in the cannabis plant. It is the cannabis or marijuana plant’s second most common ingredient. A phytocannabinoid, CBD was first identified in 1940. According to studies, it may be useful to treat epilepsy, pain, and perhaps other neurological problems.
Central Bank – an institution that is in charge a country’s currency, interest rates, and money supply. It is not the same as a commercial bank. It is in charge of how money functions in a country, or a group of countries as is the case with the European Central Bank.
Certificate of Deposit – an instrument of short- or medium-term credit that bears interest and was issued by a bank. It is a style of promissory note that banks, credit unions, and thrift institutions frequently sell in the USA and other nations. The interest rates are higher than those on bank savings accounts. Certificates of Deposit (CDs) come in a variety of forms, including callable, traditional, zero-coupon, bump-up, liquid, and brokered CDs.
Certificate of Origin (CO) – a record containing details about the place of manufacture, or origin, of a product. It also contains details on where it is going. The paper aids nations in deciding whether to impose a tariff on the good.
CPA (Certified Public Accountant) –the person with the highest level of expertise in the field of accounting in the USA and many other English-speaking countries. A chartered accountant is the corresponding professional in the UK, Ireland, and certain other Commonwealth nations.
CFD in Derivative Trading – CFD (Contract For Difference) is an extremely popular type of derivative trading. Traders can speculate on rising and declining prices and make money. If their predictions are wrong, they can also lose money.
Chairman – a general term for an individual in charge of a meeting. The head of the board of directors of a company is also a chairman. Some organizations prefer to use the term chair or chairperson.
Challenger Bank – a small or fledgling bank that faces off against the Big 5 UK high street banks and other large institutions. Since the global financial crisis of 2007–2008, challenge banks have become significantly more prevalent as a result of regulatory easing efforts by central banks like the Bank of England and attempts to boost competition.
Champagne Stock – a stock that greatly rises in value over a very short period of time. During that short period, the share price will typically have doubled or tripled.
Chartered Accountant – the accounting professional with the highest level of training. It exists in the UK, Ireland, and numerous Commonwealth countries and is the equivalent of a CPA in the US.
Chatbots – bots that chat with humans online, and thanks to artifial intelligence, interact just like we do. They are also called Chatterbots or Talkbots.
Chattel Mortgage – a kind of loan where the collateral is transportable personal goods. Vehicles, livestock, equipment, boats, and other transportable personal property are all examples of chattel. Lender owns the item that was used as security while the loan is being repaid.
Chief Executive Officer (CEO) – the most senior corporate officer or administrator. The CEO is in charge of managing a for-profit or non-profit organization. Some companies (and countries) use the term ‘President’ with the same meaning.
Chief Financial Officer (CFO) – a “c-executive” who works to improve and sustain a company’s long-term financial standing. He or she is the top corporate officer at a business that focuses on finance. This person is commonly referred to as the financial director in the UK.
Chief Human Resources Officer (CHRO) – an organization’s top executive in charge of human resources. The CHRO used to report to the COO or CFO, but is more likely to report to the CEO today.
Chief Information Officer (CIO) – the executive in charge of technology management. He or she makes ensuring that the data accessible within the organisation is accurate and simple to utilise. The titles CDIO (Chief Digital Information Officer) and IT Director are frequently used to describe this role.
Chief Investment Officer (CIO) – an executive who oversees investments for a business or financial institution (typically at the board level). In addition to directing and overseeing all investment activities, they are also in responsible of managing pension investments, keeping up positive investor relations, and collaborating with external analysts.
Chief Marketing Officer (CMO) – a company’s chief marketing executive. The individual in this position is in responsible of planning, carrying out, and supervising marketing and advertising initiatives. CMOs answer to the Chief Executive Officer of the business (CEO).
Chief Operating Officer (COO) – a manager responsible for all current business operations. The names chief operations officer, director of operations, and operations director are frequently used. This individual answers directly to the CEO (Chief Executive Officer). In most companies, it is the second-highest position.
Chief Technology Officer (CTO) – a top executive who is in charge of a company’s technological needs. We may also refer to this person as the Chief Technical Officer. CTOs work closely with the Chief Informaiton Officer (CIO).
Christmas – a holiday celebrated by Christians worldwide to commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ. Most people have a day off from work and education in numerous nations, including Europe, Australasia, the Americas, and others. For retailers, the weeks before Christmas are crucial. In actuality, a lot of retailers would fail if they didn’t make their Christmas sales.
Circular Economy – an economy that aims to get rid of waste, overconsumption of Earth’s resources, carbon emissions, and pollution. When a country moves towards a circular economy or circularity, it is going green.
Claim – commonly means to assert that something is true. Also has several meanings as a noun, such as to award claims for compensation, or to make a claim on an insurance policy.
Classic – a common English word with several meanings, including ancient literature, a work of excellence, and a reliable source. The term can also describe events or objects that are typical, traditional, noteworthy, or historically significant.
Classical Economics – an economic school of thought that developed following the publication of “The Wealth of Nations” by Adam Smith. According to classical economists, the market is superior at finding its own path to a natural equilibrium and that the government should not interfere with it.
Client – a client you develop a relationship with. Following a customer purchase, the seller concentrates on the following one. With a customer, things are different since you work with them over a longer period of time and see them frequently. Most of the time, the word customer can be used in place of client, but not the other way around. However, clients, not customers, are the property of counsellors, psychologists, and other professionals. The computer system that communicates with a server is known as a client in computing.
Client-Centric – or ‘customer-centric’, refers to a business strategy where the client or customer is the focus of the business’s efforts. The consumer is supreme. Instead of focusing on the product or sales, the business focuses on the customer. Client-centered organisations frequently outperform those with other cultures in terms of success, growth, and profitability.
Climate Change – a business approach in which the client or customer is the main target of the company’s activities. The customer is in charge. The company focuses on the consumer rather than the product or sales. Organizations that prioritise serving their clients often outperform organisations with different cultures in terms of performance, expansion, and profitability.
Closed Economy – a nation which does not engage in international trade. Neither imports nor exports take place. An isolated society is an autarky. A closed economy is the polar opposite of this. Closed economies assert that they are independent and do not need or want to participate in international trade. Totally closed economies don’t exist anymore.
Closed fund – a mutual fund that has stopped issuing shares to new investors, mainly because it has grown too big.
Cloud Computing – a computing method in which your personal hard drive is not used to store files and other data, but rather remote machines. The term “the cloud” is used to refer to the Internet, where data is shared and stored. Imagine an external hard drive in “the sky,” which is actually a network of remote servers.
Code – a system for shortening messages or making them secret. To read a coded message you need a key that unlocks the code. The term also has meanings in other fields, such as mathematics, computing, and standards of behavior.
Collateral – a possession (asset) that a borrower offers as security on a loan. Collateral lowers the risk for the lender and also allows them to reduce the interest rate on the loan.
Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO) – a security that turns individual fixed-income assets into a product that can be sliced into different products and then sold. CDOs are structured financial products backed by a pool of loans.
Coinsurance – has a number of meanings: 1. The division of risk between the insurer and the insured; coinsurance in the context of health insurance is comparable to copayment or copay, where copayment is a set sum and coinsurance is a percentage that the insurer foots. 2. When two or more title insurance firms split the risk. 3. In the real estate industry, coinsurance is a sort of fine that the insurer imposes on the insured for underinsuring, underreporting, or under-declaring the worth of the property.
Combined Ratio – a calculation that tells us how profitable an insurance company is in its underwriting operations. The measurement excludes investment income. Typically expressed in percentage terms, any figure below 100% means it is profitable.
Command Economy – an economic system in which the central government regulates and controls, rather than market forces, the supply of products and services as well as their prices. Planners in the central government choose which commodities and services are produced and how they are distributed. Also known as a controlled, planned, or centralised economy. In contrast to a market economy, it is this.
Commerce – a part of business that is concerned with buying and selling goods and services in exchange for cash or other goods (barter). The word is a synonym for “trade.” For many tens of thousands of years, humans have engaged in commercial activity. E-commerce, or electronic commerce, was made possible by the Internet and is fundamentally altering how most of us conduct business.
Commercial Bank – a type of financial institution, as opposed to investment banks, which deal with securities, mergers and acquisitions, and asset management, that accepts deposits from individuals, businesses, and organisations and lends money to its clients in the form of loans.
Commercial Paper – an unsecured money market instrument that is issued as a promissory note. It is a short-term loan taken out in the form of an IOU that can be traded.
Commodities – raw materials and primary agricultural products. A product or substance that we buy and sell in huge quantities, such as coffee, grain, metals, oil, etc. Types of energy, such as electricity, are also commodities.
Commodity Market – a market where raw materials and basic agricultural products (commodities) are bought and sold instead of manufactured items. Similar to the stock market, however investors exchange commodities as opposed to purchasing and selling equities.
Common Stock – a specific kind of security that shows you have equity in a business. While common stockholders often have voting rights, dividends are typically handed out after preferred stockholders. Known as ordinary shares in the UK. Likewise known as voting shares.
Communication – the act of communicating ideas or feelings to another person through speech, writing, flags, smoke signals, etc. Data is communicated between two entities. The beings can be intelligent machines, animals, or people.
Competitive Advantage – when a company has a competitive advantage over another in the delivery of a specific good or service. Mercedes, for instance, has a competitive advantage over the majority of other luxury car manufacturers because its vehicles have breakdowns less frequently and retain their value. Another illustration of a competitive advantage is the ability to sell a product for less than rival businesses.
Computer-Aided Design – commonly referred to as CAD, describes computer software that aids in the creation, modification, and optimization of designs. It substitutes an automated and effective technique for manual drawing. Today, CAD is used by an increasing variety of vocations. Without computer-aided design tools, an architect would struggle mightily to do their duties in the modern world.
Communism – a social, political and economic system in which, in principle, the workers (state or government) control the production of food, goods and services, and there are no different social classes.
Commute – can be a verb or noun. The verb means to travel to and from work. People who do this are commuters. An example of a noun may be: “I saw a strange incident during my commute.”
Commuter – a person who travels between home and work on a regular basis.
Company – a business or other entity that produces or sells products or services with the intention of turning a profit. Only a small percentage of businesses are nonprofits. The terms “firm” and “corporation” are interchangeable. There are numerous distinct types of businesses.
Company Secretary – the person in charge of ensuring that the business is managed properly and works within the law. This job is senior-level. The scope and significance of the company secretary’s job have grown significantly since the turn of the century. In North America, the phrase “Corporate Secretary” is more frequently used.
Comparative Advantage – an economic theory put forth by the British economist David Ricardo in the 18th century, according to which it is preferable for two countries to specialise and trade with one another rather than try to be entirely self-sufficient, even if one of the countries has a higher productivity for producing all goods. Imports should be made for the goods that the nation chooses not to produce. In Ricardo’s Comparative Advantage, the benefits of global trade were demonstrated by contrasting the economies of Portugal and England.
Compensation – Either refers to money and other perks given to an employee in exchange for their labour, or to payments made to someone to make up for lost, broken, or otherwise flawed property. The article briefly mentions the term’s non-business meanings as well.
Competition – a scenario in business where providers of goods and services compete to be the most prosperous. They compete with one another. They compete with one another for customers.
Competitor – a person, company, or other entity that is competing with or outperforming its rivals. Often, the goal is to defeat a single opponent, also known as a rival, with success. An economy with free markets must have competitors.
Compliance – the ability to comply or adhere to a set of rules, regulations, standards, policies, or orders. It means the same as adherence. The verbs are to comply (with) and to adhere (to). There is compliance when a company conforms to a set of rules.
Comprehensive Insurance – a kind of vehicle insurance for your vehicle that protects you against all kinds of damage, not simply collision damage to the vehicle of the opposing party. Theft, fire, floods, shattered glass, rockslides, vandalism, tsunamis, earthquakes, and all other non-collision disasters are also covered for the insured. Only damage to the other automobile as well as fire and theft are covered by “Third Party, Fire and Theft” insurance.
Con – a ruse used to obtain money from or persuade someone to take an action. Con artists utilise tactics and deception to fool people into parting with their money. Con is another slang term for conservative or a criminal. When comparing advantages to disadvantages, “con” is the polar opposite of “pro.”
Conference – an event with lots of people who get together to discuss a specific topic. The people at the conference confer, i.e., exchange ideas and information.
Conglomerate – a corporate group consisting of several different companies. In most cases, the companies operate in different markets. Berkshire Hathaway, for example, is a conglomerate; it wholly owns or has a significant stake in dozens of companies.
Consolidation – merging two independent businesses to form a new entity; a market maturation process; a reverse share split, where a company reduces the number of outstanding shares; resource sharing in information technology, where resources are shared among multiple users and applications to increase strength; a loan used to consolidate multiple loan payments.
Consortium – an alliance of people, businesses, organisations, or even governments who work together to accomplish a shared goal that is beneficial to everyone. Consortia or consortiums are the plural forms. Consortia are created in the travel sector so that each member can benefit from better offers and pricing and provide their customers with more than they could do on their own.
Consumer – a person, organization or economic entity that buys or hires goods or services. The consumer purchases the product or service, and does not sell it on or use it to manufacture something else.
Consumer behavior – the study of the process involved when people, groups, or other economic entities buy and dispose of goods. Consumer behavior also applies to behaviors when purchasing services. In other words, it is the process we go through when we buy and discard something.
Consumer Confidence – an economic indicator that measures how optimistic/pessimistic consumers are regarding the state of the economy and their own financial situation. Consumer confidence is closely monitored by most sectors of the economy.
Consumer Goods – products that consumers buy and consume. We buy consumer goods for our own use – we do not make other things with them that we then sell. We also call them final goods.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) – an index that represents changes in the price level of a market basket of consumer goods and services bought by households. The aim is to measure the change in the prices of goods and services.
Consumer Surplus – the discrepancy between the price a consumer paid for a product (market price) and the highest price they would be willing to pay for it. It is a component of the Economic Surplus together with Producer Surplus. The welfare that consumers receive as a result of their purchases of goods and services is measured as “consumer surplus.”
Consumption – the process of buying/using goods and services. It is the basic foundation of economics. The consumption of a car refers to how many miles per gallon it does. Consumption used to mean tuberculosis. The term has many meanings.
Content Marketing – a creative marketing strategy that emphasises producing and disseminating online content that consumers find relevant, intriguing, and engaging. The objective is to pique the interest of potential customers with content that responds to or resolves their queries. Brand recognition and ultimately sales are increased since the brand is weaved throughout the product.
Contract – a written agreement between two or more parites. The agreement may be oral (spoken) or in written form. Written contracts are easier to enforce.
Contrarian Investing – refers to behaving like a bear in a market full of bulls, and like a bull in a market full of bears. Going against the herd in the investing world.
Control Group – a group of people who are matched as closely as possible with the experimental group. However, the control group is not exposed to any experimental treatment. Researchers then compare the results of the two groups.
Conversion Rate – the proportion of website visitors who complete a desired activity, such as making a purchase, completing a form, signing a petition, subscribing to a newsletter, joining an association, downloading software, or requesting a free sample. In exchange rates, the phrase refers to how many units of one currency you would receive if you changed it into another.
Cookies – The server of a website sends little tracking devices containing data bits to your browser, which is then stored on your hard drive. It monitors your online activity. Cookies don’t collect private data from your computer like your bank account information, contact list, email correspondences, etc.
Copywriter – somebody who writes the text for advertisements and other promotional material. The text they write is called copy. Today, good web copywriters are very much sought after.
Coronavirus – a group of viruses made up of different strains. Some of these strains have the potential to kill mammals and birds, including people. The Wuhan-nCoV (new coronavirus), which has spread quickly, has been linked to a few human infections, according to Chinese authorities’ reports from December 2019.
Corporate Strategy – strategies designed to help companies achieve their goals. There is a difference between a business-level strategy and corporate-level strategy.
Corporate Tax – tax that businesses in the US and Canada have to pay to their governments as a percentage of their profits. In the UK, Ireland, and Australia, it is referred to as company tax. Also referred to as corporate income tax in the US and Canada. The US’s high corporation tax rates are a frequent source of criticism.
Corporation Tax – tax that certain limited corporations, clubs, cooperatives, and other organisations in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland are required to pay on their profits. The term “business tax” is used in the USA and Canada. In the UK, corporation tax is currently 21%; additional reductions are being discussed.
Corporation – a business or collection of businesses that has the legal authority to act as a single entity, like you or I do. Corporations are owned by shareholders (stockholders), whose liability is limited to the amount they put in the entity’s shares and who partake in profits and losses (stocks). In the US and the UK, corporations have different meanings. In the UK, it typically refers to a sizable business or a state-owned enterprise, like the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation).
Cost – the resources used to make a product, expressed in monetary terms. The word has several meanings. It also means the amount of money required or spent to acquire/buy something. Cost, unlike price, does not include the mark-up.
Cost of Living – how much money an individual needs to spend to maintain a specific standard of living. Economists and lawmakers use the measurement to compare different countries, towns, and regions.
Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) – a body consisting of economy experts that advises the US President on domestic and international economic policy. The Chairman is nominated by the President and approved by the Senate, and other members are appointed by the President.
Council of the European Union – the voice of the governments of the EU member states. People commonly refer to it as simple the ‘Council.’ The Council adopts the new policies and laws of the EU.
Coupon – a form in a newspaper, magazine, or printed advertisement that you cut out, fill out, and send out for information, a purchase, or a sample. it can also refer to the yearly interest on a bond. A sample of metal or metalwork that is provided to a client or testing facility for approval or confirmation is known as a coupon in the field of metallurgy.
Coupon Rate – the sum of a bond’s annual coupon payments divided by the bond’s face value, i.e. the interest rate on the payments of a bond. In most cases, payment is done twice a year.
Court of Justice of the European Union – or the European Court of Justice, ensures that every EU nation interprets EU law in the same way. It is the supreme court of the European Union regarding EU law. It has no jurisdiction over the national laws of the EU Member States.
Creative Accounting – a slightly humorous word for creative techniques used to make a company’s financial statements appear healthier than they actually are. Despite being disapproved of, the practise is lawful. The clever accountant employs legal loopholes while operating within the law. sometimes referred to as window dressing, aggressive accounting, or inventive accounting
Credit – money (loan) lent to a person or business, a positive balance in somebody’s bank account (‘his account is in credit’), or to add money into a bank account. The loan may also be in the form of goods or services.
Credit Bureau – firms that specialize in gathering people’s and companies’ payments and credit histories. They sell this information to lenders, who then decide whether to offer customers credit and how much interest to charge. Also known as a credit agency.
Credit Card – a plastic card that customers use to make credit-based purchases of goods and services. Additionally, they can use it to obtain cash and repay it later. The deal stipulates that the issuer will cover the cost of the purchase, and the cardholder will reimburse the issuer afterwards. This article offers advice on making your decision.
Credit Card Loan – whenever you make a purchase using your credit card, the issuer is lending you money, which if you pay back by the ‘grace period’ deadline, will incur no interest charges (as long as you don’t carry a balance). Also called credit card debt.
Credit Control – a department in a company under a credit controller that chases overdue invoices and decides whether to offer customers trade credit. The term also refers to the department’s activities.
Credit Crunch – when banks and investors become more apprehensive about lending money because economic conditions or political problems have worsened. In other words, available credit shrinks considerably. Also called a credit squeeze or credit crisis.
Credit Default Swap – a type of insurance protection against a third-party borrower defaulting. A credit default swap contract states that the issuer will pay the buyer if a third party defaults. It is also known as a credit derivative contract.
Credit Easing – a strategy central banks use to improve credit conditions (increase liquidity) in the economy by purchasing private sector assets. The aim is to get banks to increase lending and boost economic activity.
Credit Freeze – refers to either when governments force their banks to stop lending money, or individuals stopping credit bureaus from selling their personal data. Also known as a credit report lock down, security freeze, or credit lock down.
Credit History – forms part of a credit report. It contains a record of how promptly an individual pays back loans, credits, etc., over time.
Creditor – the party that is owed money. When you take out a bank loan, the bank is the creditor and you are the debtor. The creditor might be a person, company, financial institution, or government.
Credit Score – a score that tells lenders whether you are a good or bad credit risk. Depending on your score, lenders decide whether to offer you credit, and what the interest rate will be on the loan.
Credit Union – a mutual financial company that is owned by account holders, or depositors. A common tie with the other members, such as membership in a trade union, religion, business, or organisation, is typically required to be approved. Members borrow money at competitive interest rates and save money. Institutions that are not for profit are credit unions.
Creditworthiness – an entity’s ability to borrow money and pay back on time. Also written as credit worthiness, it might refer to a person, company, organization, or country. Banks check applicants’ creditworthiness before deciding whether to lend them money.
Cross Holding – when one publicly-listed corporation owns shares in another company that is listed in the same stock exchange. Also called cross shareholding.
Crowdfunding – using online platforms to get contributions to help fund business ideas or other projects. With crowdfunding, many people contribute a small amount of money each.
Cryptocurrency – a type of digital money, i.e., it exists only electronically. It is an online currency that is encrypted. The encryption makes it secure, cryptocurrency creators claim. It operates without a central bank, unlike traditional currencies.
Cryptocurrency Exchange – an exchange where users can purchase and sell cryptocurrency. Fiat money, other cryptocurrencies, or other digital assets are used in their trading. The majority of bitcoin exchanges are open around-the-clock. These are also known as digital currency exchanges (DCEs).
Cryptocurrency Mining – the verification of cryptocurrency transactions, or those involving virtual currency. It’s referred to as cryptomining by some folks. Cryptomining is done by “miners.” The procedure creates new currency and adds transactions to the blockchain. Miners are rewarded with fresh currency units whenever they have finished the procedure successfully.
Cyprocurrency Wallet – a cryptocurrency digital wallet, often known as a virtual wallet. It is a piece of software that keeps track of both public and private keys. Owners can make purchases using cryptocurrencies by utilising the keys. They can utilise the keys to get paid as well. The owner of a cryptocurrency can check their balance via the wallet.
Current Assets – cash, cash equivalents and other things a company owns that could be turned into cash easily (within 1 year). Also known as current accounts in the UK.
Current Ratio – a calculation that tells us whether a company might find it difficult to meet its short-term debt obligations, i.e. debts that need to be paid back over the next 12 months. Current Ratio = Current Assets ÷ Current Liabilities.
Custom Made – made according to a customer’s specifications. If I produce a custom made item, I know who the customer is. If I make an off the rack or off the peg item, I don’t know who the customer is (or will be).
Customer – a customer who purchases products or services. It might also be a business or institution. In that the customer is the end user, it essentially has the same meaning as the word “consumer” (not always). While the terms “client” and “customer” have similar connotations, the vendor works harder to develop a relationship with the latter. The vendor shifts focus to the following item as soon as the buyer gives the money and the item is delivered.
Customer Experience – also known as CX, the term refers to how customers perceive and feel about all their interactions with a seller. It includes their impressions regarding the product, service, brand, and company.
Customer Service – the interactions between customers and sellers of goods or services. The conversations occur before, during, and after a purchase. It is crucial for customer loyalty and the company’s or product’s brand image.
Customer Loyalty – the likelihood that current customers keep coming back. In other words, how often existing and past customers come back for more again and again.. It is not the same as brand loyalty.
Customization – the action of adapting a product or service according to what the customer needs, wants, or prefers. It also refers to altering something for a specific function.
Custom Made – made according to a customer’s instructions or preferences. The term contrasts with mass produced, off the rack, or off the peg. We can also use the term bespoke or made to order with the same meaning as custom made.
Customs Union – or EU Customs Union is a union of countries that allows goods to move freely internally with no tariffs or quotas. Twenty-eight countries are members of the Customs Union.
Cyber – The term was originally an abbreviation for cybernetic. Today, we use it as a prefix and an adjective (cybercrime) (cybercrime). The word “cyber” can be used to describe countless concepts. It refers to or describes traits associated with computer, technology, or virtual reality culture.
Cyberbullying – or cyber bullying (one or two words) refers to bullying using electronic means, which in most cases is via the Internet. It has become a serious problem in many parts of the world.
Cyber Security – the practice of protecting a company’s or any organization’s computer systems, programs, and networks from digital or cyber attacks. Cyber is short for cybernetic or cybernetics.
Cyclical Share – a corporation share whose performance closely mirrors the state of a nation’s economy. When the GDP is growing rapidly, cyclical shares rise. In contrast, their prices drop during recessions. often referred to as cyclical stock