A hypothesis (plural: hypotheses) refers to an explanation, supposition, or concept concerning a given subject. Hypotheses are developed based on an analysis of established facts, yet they have not been substantiated or proven. They serve as proposed explanations for observed phenomena.Scientific hypotheses are typically derived from prior observations. However, they cannot be adequately supported by the existing scientific theories.
Hypothesis in statistics
In the field of statistics, hypotheses pertain to assumptions made about specific attributes of populations. If a hypothesis encompasses values for each parameter of a population, it is referred to as a simple hypothesis. On the other hand, if it encompasses multiple hypotheses, it is termed a composite hypothesis.
In statistics, a null hypothesis aims to negate any discernible difference between two samples. It suggests, for instance, that the disparity lacks statistical significance.
Hypothesis vs. theory
Scientific reasoning involves the distinction between theories and hypotheses, as they serve distinct purposes.
In scientific reasoning, hypotheses are formulated prior to conducting any relevant research, serving as tentative explanations.
In contrast, theories are supported by compelling evidence. Scientists perform tests to validate the credibility of a theory before proposing it.
This is how Merriam-Webster explains the difference between the two terms:
in scientific reasoning prior to conducting any relevant research. In contrast, a theory is established based on substantiated data as a principle aimed at explaining phenomena.
Theories often encompass and generalize multiple hypotheses.
It’s important to note that in everyday, non-scientific language, the term “theory” is commonly used to denote a mere speculation. However, in the realm of science, theory constitutes a robust explanation for a wide range of observations.
When a lay person states, “That’s just a theory,” they are not employing the term within the context of scientific reasoning.
Etymology of ‘hypothesis
Etymology entails the examination of word and phrase origins and the subsequent evolution of their meanings.
According to etymonline.com, the term first appeared in the English language in the 1590s. At that time, it meant “a particular statement.”
During the 1650s, the term also encompassed “a proposition, assumed and accepted, employed as a premise.” Its origin can be traced back to the Middle French term ‘Hypothese‘, which directly derived from the Late Latin term ‘Hypothesis.’ The Late Latin term, in turn, originated from the Greek term ‘Hypothesis,’ signifying “base, groundwork, foundation,” and subsequently, through extended usage, “supposition, the basis of an argument.”
It was not until the 1640s that the word began to assume its current meaning within the realm of scientific reasoning.
In a 2016 study conducted by a paleontologist from the University of Toronto, the hypothesis suggesting the existence of lips on a theropod dinosaur received support. This implies that, based on available evidence, the scientist posits the presence of lips in this particular dinosaur species, and the new study reinforces this proposition.
